What are primary sources?
A primary source is a document or
object written or created during the event or time period that
is being studied. Often a primary source reflects the viewpoint
of a participant or observer. In contrast, secondary (and
tertiary) sources have often been created significantly
later than the time period being studied and are often analyses
or interpretations of the earlier era.
Primary sources may be:
• diaries, letters, eyewitness accounts, manuscripts, other papers
• speeches, interviews
• books, newspaper articles, magazine and journal articles written at the
time
• cartoons
• maps
• photographs, audio or video footage, films
• government documents, laws, treaties, census data, public records
• records of organizations (reports, minutes, correspondence)
• public opinion polls taken at the time
• statistics, raw data sets recorded at the time
• buildings, furniture, household items, clothing, toys, other artifacts
Secondary and tertiary sources include:
• books and articles on the topic written after the time period being studied
• encyclopedias, biographical dictionaries
How Can I Find Primary Sources?
1. Identify relevant LC subject headings – often
there are more than one
Strategies:
1) look in the "Red Books"
2) browse subject listings by conducting a “subject alphabetical” search
3) run a keyword search in our catalog, look at subject headings
of relevant titles
Examples of LC subject headings:
Grant, Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson),
1822 - 1885
Irish question
Ireland – History – 1837 – 1901
Ireland – History – 19th century
Ireland – Politics and Government – 1837 -1901
Ireland – Politics and Government – 19th century
United States – History – Civil War, 1861-1865
Vietnamese Conflict, 1961 - 1975
Watergate Affair, 1972 - 1974
World War, 1914-1919
World War, 1939-1945
Do not neglect more general searches or
you may miss compilations that contain your topic.
Always look at subject headings in any relevant materials – you may discover
additional subject headings!
2. Get an overview of your topic using subject encyclopedias
and books on the subject. Identify key participants, organizations,
agencies. Make note of any documents or other primary sources
mentioned in the literature.
Keyword search “united states civil war encyclopedia”
Examples of subject encyclopedias:
Encyclopedia of genocide
World War II : encyclopedia of the war years
Encyclopedia of American history
Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : a political, social and military history
The new encyclopedia of the American West
3. Some of our databases contain primary documents:
History
Resource Center : U.S.
Opposing
Viewpoints
4. If applicable, find newspaper & magazine articles
in databases
Historical
New York Times (1850 – 1990s)
Reader’s
Guide Retrospective (1890 – 1982)
5. Look through bibliographies in subject encyclopedias,
journal articles, on your books – they list other relevant
secondary and often primary sources
Look for books in our catalog, Utah’s
catalog, other
catalogs
Search for journal articles in databases:
• America
: History and Life – U.S. and Canada
• Historical
Abstracts – world history (not U.S. or Canada)
• History
Resource Center : U.S. (contains some primary documents)
• JSTOR
• Project
Muse
6. Locate bibliographies and research guides on your
topic – these usually include primary sources
Keyword search “Watergate bibliography”
Examples:
• Watergate : an annotated
bibliography
• Understanding the literature of World War II : a student casebook to
issues, sources and historical documents
• Civil war and reconstruction : a student companion
7. Search library catalogs for primary source materials
using the LC subject headings you have identified:
Strategies:
1) Run a “Subject Alphabetical” search using your subject heading
and
browse through subject heading subdivisions. Look for subdivisions indicating
primary source materials:
Sources
Correspondence
Diaries
Interviews
Notebooks
Personal narratives
2) Do a Keyword search combining words from your LC headings with
“sources”, e.g. “world war 1939 sources”
8. Find primary source materials on the Internet -- evaluate
the sites you find critically:
e.g. “Vietnam war” +”primary sources”
1. Who is the author/source (credentials, expertise, affiliation)?
2. Is the site objective/biased?
3. Is its content valid, are arguments backed up with verifiable evidence?
4. Does the author provide a bibliography, reference links?
5. Does the author keep the site up-to-date (if relevant) ?
6. Is the writing of good quality?
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Selected primary source sites on the Internet
Repositories
of Primary Sources (University of Idaho Library)
A listing of over 5250 websites describing holdings of manuscripts, archives,
rare books, historical photographs, and other primary sources for the research
scholar.
Ad*Access (Duke
University)
Presents images and database information for over 7,000 advertisements in five
subject areas: Radio, Television, Transportation, Beauty and Hygiene, and World
War II.
American Memory (Library
of Congress)
Digitized collections filled with primary sources about various periods and
events in American history
American Experience:
The Presidents (PBS)
A PBS site to accompany the American Experience series, provides links to selected
primary resources for each president.
American
Women’s History : A Research Guide (Middle
Tennessee State University Library) -- Digital
Collections of Primary Sources
The
Avalon Project at Yale Law School : Documents
in Law, History and Diplomacy
View
by subject
Digital documents relevant to the fields of Law, History, Economics, Politics,
Diplomacy, and Government, with links to supporting documents
The
British Library Online Newspaper Archive (Pilot
Version)
Contains selected, searchable facsimile issues
of:
London's Daily News (selected issues from 1851, 1856, 1886, 1900, 1918)
The News of the World (selected issues from 1851, 1856, 1886, 1900, 1918)
The Weekly Dispatch (selected issues from 1851, 1856, 1886, 1900, 1917)
The Manchester Guardian (selected issues from 1851, 1856, 1886)
Penny Illustrated (selected issues from 1861)
Civil
War Women : Primary Sources on the Internet
Directory
of Digitized Collections : Theme - History (Unesco/IFLA)
Electronic
Text Center - English Online Resources (University
of Virginia Library) -- Mostly literature and
history topics. Not all documents are available
for public access.
EuroDocs:
Primary Historical Documents From Western Europe (Brigham
Young University)
From
Revolution to Reconstruction : Documents (University
of Groningen, the Netherlands) -- Contains
primary sources and transcripts of speeches
History
Digital Library - Online Historical Documents (Academic
Info)
Extensive collections of primary and secondary materials
Internet
History Sourcebooks : 19th century Britain (Paul
Halsall, Fordham University, NY) -- Collections
of public domain and copy-permitted historical
texts.
Internet
History Sourcebooks : U.S. Civil War (Paul
Halsall, Fordham University, NY) -- Collections
of public domain and copy-permitted historical
texts.
Internet
Public Library : Historical Documents and Sources
Librarian's
Index to the Internet : History Topics
You can use LC subject headings and subheadings for searching the site
NARA - U.S.
National Archives & Records Administration
Presidential
Libraries
The Presidential Libraries are repositories for preserving and making available
the papers, records, and other historical materials of U.S. Presidents since
Herbert Hoover.
Smithsonian Institution
* Produce for victory
: posters on the American Home Front (1941-45)
Thomas - U.S.
Congress on the Internet
A database of all congressional records, from past to present
Vietnam
Project (Texas Tech University)
World
War I Primary Document Archive (Brigham
Young University)
The
World Wide Virtual Library : History Index (University
of Kansas) -- some primary sources
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