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History Resources: Finding Primary Sources


What are primary sources?

A primary source is a document or object written or created during the event or time period that is being studied. Often a primary source reflects the viewpoint of a participant or observer. In contrast, secondary (and tertiary) sources have often been created significantly later than the time period being studied and are often analyses or interpretations of the earlier era.

Primary sources may be:
• diaries, letters, eyewitness accounts, manuscripts, other papers
• speeches, interviews
• books, newspaper articles, magazine and journal articles written at the time
• cartoons
• maps
• photographs, audio or video footage, films
• government documents, laws, treaties, census data, public records
• records of organizations (reports, minutes, correspondence)
• public opinion polls taken at the time
• statistics, raw data sets recorded at the time
• buildings, furniture, household items, clothing, toys, other artifacts

Secondary and tertiary sources include:
• books and articles on the topic written after the time period being studied
• encyclopedias, biographical dictionaries


How Can I Find Primary Sources?

1. Identify relevant LC subject headings – often there are more than one

Strategies:

1) look in the "Red Books"
2) browse subject listings by conducting a “subject alphabetical” search
3) run a keyword search in our catalog, look at subject headings
of relevant titles

Examples of LC subject headings:

Grant, Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson), 1822 - 1885
Irish question
Ireland – History – 1837 – 1901
Ireland – History – 19th century
Ireland – Politics and Government – 1837 -1901
Ireland – Politics and Government – 19th century
United States – History – Civil War, 1861-1865
Vietnamese Conflict, 1961 - 1975
Watergate Affair, 1972 - 1974
World War, 1914-1919
World War, 1939-1945

Do not neglect more general searches or you may miss compilations that contain your topic.
Always look at subject headings in any relevant materials – you may discover additional subject headings!

2. Get an overview of your topic using subject encyclopedias and books on the subject. Identify key participants, organizations, agencies. Make note of any documents or other primary sources mentioned in the literature.

Keyword search “united states civil war encyclopedia”

Examples of subject encyclopedias:
Encyclopedia of genocide
World War II : encyclopedia of the war years
Encyclopedia of American history
Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : a political, social and military history
The new encyclopedia of the American West

3. Some of our databases contain primary documents:

History Resource Center : U.S.
Opposing Viewpoints

4. If applicable, find newspaper & magazine articles in databases

Historical New York Times (1850 – 1990s)
Reader’s Guide Retrospective (1890 – 1982)

5. Look through bibliographies in subject encyclopedias, journal articles, on your books – they list other relevant secondary and often primary sources

Look for books in our catalog, Utah’s catalog, other catalogs

Search for journal articles in databases:

America : History and Life – U.S. and Canada
Historical Abstracts – world history (not U.S. or Canada)
History Resource Center : U.S. (contains some primary documents)
JSTOR
Project Muse

6. Locate bibliographies and research guides on your topic – these usually include primary sources

Keyword search “Watergate bibliography”

Examples:
Watergate : an annotated bibliography
• Understanding the literature of World War II : a student casebook to issues, sources and historical documents
• Civil war and reconstruction : a student companion

7. Search library catalogs for primary source materials using the LC subject headings you have identified:

Strategies:
1) Run a “Subject Alphabetical” search using your subject heading and
browse through subject heading subdivisions. Look for subdivisions indicating primary source materials:

Sources
Correspondence
Diaries
Interviews
Notebooks
Personal narratives

2) Do a Keyword search combining words from your LC headings with
“sources”, e.g. “world war 1939 sources”

8. Find primary source materials on the Internet -- evaluate the sites you find critically:

e.g. “Vietnam war” +”primary sources”

1. Who is the author/source (credentials, expertise, affiliation)?
2. Is the site objective/biased?
3. Is its content valid, are arguments backed up with verifiable evidence?
4. Does the author provide a bibliography, reference links?
5. Does the author keep the site up-to-date (if relevant) ?
6. Is the writing of good quality?

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Selected primary source sites on the Internet

Repositories of Primary Sources (University of Idaho Library)
A listing of over 5250 websites describing holdings of manuscripts, archives, rare books, historical photographs, and other primary sources for the research scholar.

Ad*Access (Duke University)
Presents images and database information for over 7,000 advertisements in five subject areas: Radio, Television, Transportation, Beauty and Hygiene, and World War II.

American Memory (Library of Congress)
Digitized collections filled with primary sources about various periods and events in American history

American Experience: The Presidents (PBS)
A PBS site to accompany the American Experience series, provides links to selected primary resources for each president.

American Women’s History : A Research Guide (Middle Tennessee State University Library) -- Digital Collections of Primary Sources

The Avalon Project at Yale Law School : Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy
View by subject
Digital documents relevant to the fields of Law, History, Economics, Politics, Diplomacy, and Government, with links to supporting documents

The British Library Online Newspaper Archive (Pilot Version)
Contains selected, searchable facsimile issues of:
London's Daily News (selected issues from 1851, 1856, 1886, 1900, 1918)
The News of the World (selected issues from 1851, 1856, 1886, 1900, 1918)
The Weekly Dispatch (selected issues from 1851, 1856, 1886, 1900, 1917)
The Manchester Guardian (selected issues from 1851, 1856, 1886)
Penny Illustrated (selected issues from 1861)

Civil War Women : Primary Sources on the Internet

Directory of Digitized Collections : Theme - History (Unesco/IFLA)

Electronic Text Center - English Online Resources (University of Virginia Library) -- Mostly literature and history topics. Not all documents are available for public access.

EuroDocs: Primary Historical Documents From Western Europe (Brigham Young University)

From Revolution to Reconstruction : Documents (University of Groningen, the Netherlands) -- Contains primary sources and transcripts of speeches

History Digital Library - Online Historical Documents (Academic Info)
Extensive collections of primary and secondary materials

Internet History Sourcebooks : 19th century Britain (Paul Halsall, Fordham University, NY) -- Collections of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts.

Internet History Sourcebooks : U.S. Civil War (Paul Halsall, Fordham University, NY) -- Collections of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts.

Internet Public Library : Historical Documents and Sources

Librarian's Index to the Internet : History Topics
You can use LC subject headings and subheadings for searching the site

NARA - U.S. National Archives & Records Administration

Presidential Libraries
The Presidential Libraries are repositories for preserving and making available the papers, records, and other historical materials of U.S. Presidents since Herbert Hoover.

Smithsonian Institution
* Produce for victory : posters on the American Home Front (1941-45)

Thomas - U.S. Congress on the Internet
A database of all congressional records, from past to present

Vietnam Project (Texas Tech University)

World War I Primary Document Archive (Brigham Young University)

The World Wide Virtual Library : History Index (University of Kansas) -- some primary sources

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